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Supra (Latin for "above") is an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority. For example, an author wanting to refer to a source in their third footnote could cite this as: "See supra note 3". Or for text in that note: "See supra text accompanying note 3".
The two most prominent citation manuals are The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation [1] and the ALWD Citation Manual. [2] Some state-specific style manuals also provide guidance on legal citation. The Bluebook citation system is the most comprehensive and the most widely used system by courts, law firms and law reviews. [citation needed]
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The only common use of these subscripts is for the denominators of diagonal fractions [citation needed], like ½ or the signs for percent %, permille ‰, and basis point ‱. Certain standard abbreviations are also composed as diagonal fractions, such as ℅ (care of), ℀ (account of), ℁ (addressed to the subject), or in Spanish ℆ (cada ...
(Case citation or law report information is presented in normal font.) Citation signals. Avoid citation signals when possible. On Wikipedia, the use of Id., supra, and infra are discouraged, as are internal cross-reference signals to another footnote. This is due to the fact that any reference may be edited or changed, and render the cross ...
Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people. Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people. If the quoted sentence is followed by a clause identifying the speaker, use a comma outside the quotation mark instead of a full stop inside it, but retain any other terminal punctuation, such as a question mark.
The default in-text cite links and reference list backlinks use numeric labels automatically generated by the software. The labels are linked to provide a connection between the in-text cite and the reference list cite. In this example, the super-scripted, in-text cites use a numeric label that matches the citation in the reference list:
However, there is no single system of uniform citation, and so individual publishers and even the standard authors sometimes diverge on usage. This page includes citations, even if duplicative, commonly used in canonical scholarship and doctrine.