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It is described by the fact that the discharge through a river of an approximate rectangular cross-section must, through conservation of mass, equal Q = u ¯ b h {\displaystyle Q={\bar {u}}bh} where Q {\displaystyle Q} is the volumetric discharge, u ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {u}}} is the mean flow velocity, b {\displaystyle b} is the channel ...
When the flow velocity is below 0.1 m/s, the biological community in a river is similar to that in a lake. Usually, in rivers, flow velocity between 0.1–1 m/s is most suitable for major-stream fish species. High flow velocity and turbulence are cues for timing migration and spawning of some fish. Asian carp lay floating eggs when they sense ...
The water in this stream forms varying currents as it makes its way downhill. In hydrology, a current in a water body is the flow of water in any one particular direction. The current varies spatially as well as temporally, dependent upon the flow volume of water, stream gradient, and channel geometry.
The theory is based on the concept of dynamic equilibrium in which streamforms balance between physical parameters, such as width, depth, velocity, and sediment load, also taking into account biological factors. [2] It offers an introduction to map out biological communities and also an explanation for their sequence in individual sections of ...
Discharge regime, [1] flow regime, or hydrological regime (commonly termed river regime, but that term is also used for other measurements) is the long-term pattern of annual changes to a stream's discharge at a particular point. Hence, it shows how the discharge of a stream at that point is expected to change over the year. [2]
The "flow regime" of a river or stream includes the general patterns of discharge over annual or decadal time scales, and may capture seasonal changes in flow. [7] [8] While water flow is strongly determined by slope, flowing waters can alter the general shape or direction of the stream bed, a characteristic also known as geomorphology. The ...
A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, channel, or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow is typically expressed in units of cubic meters per second (m³/s) or cubic feet per second (cfs). Hydrographs often relate changes of precipitation to changes in discharge over time. [3]
The basin of a river is the expanse of country bounded by a watershed (called a "divide" in North America) over which rainfall flows down towards the river traversing the lowest part of the valley, whereas the rain falling on the far slope of the watershed flows away to another river draining an adjacent basin. River basins vary in extent ...