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It was modified and revived in the 1990s, primarily by chiropractors, and also by osteopathic physicians; this was likely due to safer anesthesia used for conscious sedation, along with increased interest in spinal manipulation (SM). [26] In the MUA literature, spinal manipulation under anesthesia has been described as a controversial procedure.
Most contraindications apply to the manipulation of the affected region. [63] While safety has been debated, [3] and serious injuries and deaths can occur and may be under-reported, [4] these are generally rare and spinal manipulation is relatively safe [46] when employed skillfully and appropriately. [5]
Manual therapy, or manipulative therapy, is a treatment primarily used by physical therapists and occupational therapists to treat musculoskeletal pain and disability. It mostly includes kneading and manipulation of muscles, joint mobilization and joint manipulation .
Manipulation under anesthesia (MUA)—This is performed by a chiropractor certified in this technique in a hospital-outpatient setting when the patient is unresponsive to traditional adjustments. Techniques
Spinal manipulation, which chiropractors call "spinal adjustment" or "chiropractic adjustment", is the most common treatment used in chiropractic care. [83] Spinal manipulation is a passive manual maneuver during which a three-joint complex is taken past the normal range of movement, but not so far as to dislocate or damage the joint. [84]
Manipulation of the shoulder under general anesthesia to break up the adhesions is sometimes used. Because adhesive capsulitis is a condition that produces stiffness and causes the capsule of the glenohumeral joint to become thickened and progressively contract, it is important to exercise regularly to increase the range of motion and decrease ...
For neck pain, manipulation and mobilization produce similar changes, and manual therapy and exercise are more effective than other strategies. [12] A 2015 Cochrane systematic review found that there is no high-quality evidence assessing the effectiveness of spinal manipulation for treating neck pain. [13]
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