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Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx and/or the nasopharynx. [4] [5] LPR causes respiratory symptoms such as cough and wheezing [6] and is often associated with head and neck complaints such as dysphonia, globus pharyngis, and dysphagia. [7]
Laryngotracheal stenosis is an umbrella term for a wide and heterogeneous group of very rare conditions. The population incidence of adult post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis which is the commonest benign sub-type of this condition is approximately 1 in 200,000 adults per year. [10] The main causes of adult laryngotracheal stenosis are:
The complications of diabetes can dramatically impair quality of life and cause long-lasting disability. Overall, complications are far less common and less severe in people with well-controlled blood sugar levels. [3] [4] [5] Some non-modifiable risk factors such as age at diabetes onset, type of diabetes, gender, and genetics may influence risk.
The symptoms of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults are similar to those of other forms of diabetes: polydipsia (excessive thirst and drinking), polyuria (excessive urination), and often blurred vision. [15] Compared to juvenile type 1 diabetes, the symptoms develop comparatively slowly, over a period of at least six months. [16]
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is caused by a gastrinoma, which is a gastrin-producing tumor that causes gastric acid hypersecretion. [11] The main clinical manifestations of ZES are peptic ulcers and diarrhea. [12] The initial diagnostic test for ZES is a fasting serum gastrin level when antisecretory medications are stopped. If the gastrin ...
The act authorized diabetes research and training centers, and an intergovernmental diabetes coordinating committee that included representatives from the NIAMDD and six other NIH Institutes. January 1975 —The National Arthritis Act of 1974 (P.L. 93—640) was signed into law to further research, education, and training in the field of ...
Obesity has been found to contribute to approximately 55% of cases of type 2 diabetes; [10] chronic obesity leads to increased insulin resistance that can develop into type 2 diabetes, [11] most likely because adipose tissue (especially that in the abdomen around internal organs) is a source of several chemical signals, hormones and cytokines, to other tissues.
4–25% of people with type 1 diabetes per year [1] [5] Diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA ) is a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus . [ 1 ] Signs and symptoms may include vomiting , abdominal pain , deep gasping breathing , increased urination , weakness, confusion and occasionally loss of consciousness . [ 1 ]