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Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe were the slave raids, for over three centuries, conducted by the military of the Crimean Khanate and the Nogai Horde primarily in lands controlled by Russia [b] and Poland-Lithuania [c] as well as other territories, often under the sponsorship of the Ottoman Empire, which provided slaves for the Crimean and Ottoman slave trades.
The slave trade was the backbone of the economy of the Crimean Khanate. [37] [38] The Crimeans frequently mounted raids into the Danubian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, and Muscovy to enslave people whom they could capture; for each captive, the khan received a fixed share (savğa) of 10% or 20%.
In retaliation, the Tatars launched a second campaign in Volhynia under the command of the khan's sons. Golshansky, together with the governor of Volodymyr, Wasyl Hreptowicz, and Michał and Kostantin Ostrogski, held the defence in Rivne Castle. The Tatars laid siege to the city of Rivne, but failed to capture the castle. Ottoman-Tatar raid on ...
Nevertheless, some historians, including Russian historian Valery Vozgrin and Polish historian Oleksa Gayvoronsky have emphasized that the role of the slave trade in the economy of the Crimean Khanate is greatly exaggerated by modern historians, and the raiding-dependent economy is nothing but a historical myth.
The Black Sea slave trade was a center of the slave trade between Europe and the rest of the world from antiquity until the 19th century. [1] One of the major and most significant slave trades of the Black Sea region was the trade of the Crimean Khanate, known as the Crimean slave trade.
Most slaves sold by the Mongols to Europe via the Black Sea slave trade were Tatar or Mongol, though a few Chinese and Indian slaves are also noted to have been sold. [19] The slave trade to Europe mainly concerned Tatar house slaves [20] to Italy, Spain and Portugal and was a small market compared to the export to the Muslim world. [18]
The Tatars would turn back only after extensive looting and kidnapping, the Tartars usually managed to penetrate 100–200 kilometers into Russian territory. Captives were subsequently sent to the Crimean city of Caffa to be sold into the Crimean slave trade. As a result, the Russian population in the border regions suffered heavily.
The slaves were captured in southern Russia, Poland-Lithuania, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Circassia by Tatar horsemen in a trade known as the "harvesting of the steppe". In Podolia alone, about one-third of all the villages were destroyed or abandoned between 1578 and 1583. [ 4 ]