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The enzymes in thermophiles function at high temperatures. Some of these enzymes are used in molecular biology, for example the Taq polymerase used in PCR. [4] "Thermophile" is derived from the Greek: θερμότητα (thermotita), meaning heat, and Greek: φίλια (philia), love.
The most extreme hyperthermophiles live on the superheated walls of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, requiring temperatures of at least 90 °C for survival. An extraordinary heat-tolerant hyperthermophile is Geogemma barossii (Strain 121) , [ 5 ] which has been able to double its population during 24 hours in an autoclave at 121 °C (hence its name).
The heat-shock response in bacteria helps to stop any damage to the cellular processes in high temperature conditions. In response to high temperatures, heat-shock proteins, including chaperones and proteases are rapidly induced to protect against the denaturation of proteins within the bacteria. [ 9 ]
This suggests that these sugars are building blocks within the cell that allow for the creation of the S-layer protecting Gram-positive bacteria. This connection to the S-layer is extremely important, because it is hypothesized that the S-layer is used to help protect the cell from the heat stress associated with hyperthermophilic environments.
A germination rate experiment. Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. [1]Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed ...
In bacteria, the archetype is the well-characterized chaperonin GroEL from E. coli. In archaea, the chaperonin is called the thermosome. In eukarya, the cytoplasmic chaperonin is called CCT (also called TRiC). These protein complexes appear to be essential for life in E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and higher eukaryotes. While there are ...
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane coupled to energy conservation by microbes known as methanogens.It is the fourth and final stage of anaerobic digestion.
The heat shock response (HSR) is a cell stress response that increases the number of molecular chaperones to combat the negative effects on proteins caused by stressors such as increased temperatures, oxidative stress, and heavy metals. [1]