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The hiccup is an involuntary action involving a reflex arc. [1] Once triggered, the reflex causes a strong contraction of the diaphragm followed about a quarter of a second later by closure of the epiglottis [citation needed], a structure inside of the throat, which results in the "hic" sound. Hiccups may occur individually, or they may occur ...
It you have flu shot side effects at all, they will likely start eight to 12 hours after your shot, says Thomas Russo, M.D., professor and chief of infectious disease at the University at Buffalo ...
Hiccups lasting longer than 48 hours are called persistent hiccups, Chun adds. Rarely, hiccups can last longer than one month, which are called intractable hiccups, the experts note. What causes ...
Less than half of adults (42.7%) had gotten their annual flu shot as of the week ended Dec. 28, as had about the same proportion of children (41.9%). For more on the flu:
Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic, the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s. [320] [321] This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a "forgotten pandemic". [177]
A high-dose vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose) four times the strength of standard flu vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2009. [22] [23] [24] This vaccine is intended for people 65 and over, who typically have weakened immune response due to normal aging. The vaccine produces a greater immune response than standard vaccine.
"The flu shot is a killed flu virus that consists of only half of the virus — the part you need to make an immune response to," said Andrew Pekosz, Ph.D., professor of molecular microbiology and ...
During the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, "Pharmacists tried everything they knew, everything they had ever heard of, from the ancient art of bleeding patients, to administering oxygen, to developing new vaccines and serums (chiefly against what we call Hemophilus influenzae – a name derived from the fact that it was originally considered the etiological agent – and several types ...