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The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at its largest territorial extent, with southern Estonia part of it. During the 16th century, the expansionist monarchies of Muscovy, Sweden, and Poland–Lithuania consolidated power, posing a growing threat to decentralised Livonia weakened by disputes between cities, nobility, bishops, and the Order.
Tartu University (Universität Dorpat) in 1860, during its 'Golden Age' (from History of Estonia) Image 17 Comb Ceramic pottery at the Estonian History Museum (from Ancient Estonia ) Image 18 Public education systems founded during prior Swedish rule made Estonia and Finland the two most literate areas of Russian Empire (map of 1897 census ...
Medieval Livonia, or Terra Mariana, reached its greatest extent after the Saint George's Night Uprising (1343-1345), which forced Denmark to sell the Duchy of Estonia (northern Estonia conquered by Denmark in the 13th century) to the State of the Teutonic Order in 1346.
There are more than 1,400 natural and artificial lakes in Estonia. [2] The largest of them, Lake Peipus (3,555 km 2 or 1,373 sq mi), forms much of the border between Estonia and Russia. [2] Located in central Estonia, Võrtsjärv is the second-largest lake (270 km 2 or 104 sq mi). [2]
Size at greatest extent in 500 BC. Portuguese Empire: 5,500,000: The Portuguese overseas empire at its greatest extent in 1820. [3] Western China: 5,478,097: A geographic concept of the region of western inland China. Ottoman Empire: 5,200,000: Early modern empire centered in Turkey at its greatest extent in 1683. Macedonia (ancient kingdom ...
Size at greatest extent in 1690. Eastern Turkic Khaganate: 4,000,000 Eastern remnant of the Göktürk Khaganate. Size at greatest extent in 624. Hephthalite Empire: 4,000,000 Size at greatest extent in 470. Hunnic Empire: 4,000,000 Size at greatest extent in 441. European Russia: 3,960,000: Traditional historic and geographic region of Russia ...
Fragments of the Wanradt–Koell Catechism (1535), the first book printed in Estonian. The history of Estonia forms a part of the history of Europe.Human settlement in what is now Estonia became possible 13,000,000–11,000,000 years ago, after the ice from the last glacial era had melted, and signs of the first permanent population in the region date from around 9000 BC.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, [b] formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania [c] and also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic, [d] [9] [10] was a federative real union [11] between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795.