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For example where denotes the exclusive disjunction (XOR) operation. [2] This operation is sometimes called modulus 2 addition (or subtraction, which is identical). [3] With this logic, a string of text can be encrypted by applying the bitwise XOR operator to every character using a given key.
Using the XOR swap algorithm to exchange nibbles between variables without the use of temporary storage. In computer programming, the exclusive or swap (sometimes shortened to XOR swap) is an algorithm that uses the exclusive or bitwise operation to swap the values of two variables without using the temporary variable which is normally required.
As an example of implementing polynomial division in hardware, suppose that we are trying to compute an 8-bit CRC of an 8-bit message made of the ASCII character "W", which is binary 01010111 2, decimal 87 10, or hexadecimal 57 16.
Bitwise XOR of 4-bit integers. A bitwise XOR is a binary operation that takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical exclusive OR operation on each pair of corresponding bits. The result in each position is 1 if only one of the bits is 1, but will be 0 if both are 0 or both are 1.
Source code that does bit manipulation makes use of the bitwise operations: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, and possibly other operations analogous to the boolean operators; there are also bit shifts and operations to count ones and zeros, find high and low one or zero, set, reset and test bits, extract and insert fields, mask and zero fields, gather and ...
XOR is used in RAID 3–6 for creating parity information. For example, RAID can "back up" bytes 10011100 2 and 01101100 2 from two (or more) hard drives by XORing the just mentioned bytes, resulting in (11110000 2) and writing it to another drive. Under this method, if any one of the three hard drives are lost, the lost byte can be re-created ...
Say, for example, they know a portion of the message, say an electronics fund transfer, contains the ASCII string "$1000.00". They can change that to "$9500.00" by XORing that portion of the ciphertext with the string: "$1000.00" xor "$9500.00". To see how this works, consider that the cipher text we send is just C(K) xor "$1000.00". The new ...
The result of that XOR calculation yields Drive 2's contents. 11010100 is then stored on Drive 2, fully repairing the array. XOR logic is also equivalent to even parity (because a XOR b XOR c XOR ... may be treated as XOR(a,b,c,...), which is an n-ary operator that is true if and only if an odd number of arguments is true). So the same XOR ...