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  2. Fractional excretion of sodium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_excretion_of_sodium

    Thus, in term neonates, a FE Na of <3% represents volume depletion, and a FE Na as high as 4% may represent maximal sodium conservation in critically ill preterm neonates. [4] [5] The FE Na may also be spuriously elevated in children with adrenal insufficiency or pre-existing kidney disease (such as obstructive uropathy) due to salt wasting. [6]

  3. Reference ranges for blood tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood...

    For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give ...

  4. Basic metabolic panel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_metabolic_panel

    The BMP provides key information regarding fluid and electrolyte status, kidney function, blood sugar levels, and response to various medications and other medical therapies. It is frequently employed as a screening tool during a physical exam.

  5. Assessment of kidney function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function

    One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Other tests that can assess the function of the kidneys include assessment of electrolyte levels such as potassium and phosphate, assessment of acid-base status by the measurement of bicarbonate levels from a vein, and assessment of the full blood count for anaemia.

  6. Hyponatremia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremia

    Lower levels of plasma sodium are associated with more severe symptoms. However, mild hyponatremia (plasma sodium levels at 131–135 mmol/L) may be associated with complications and subtle symptoms [14] (for example, increased falls, altered posture and gait, reduced attention, impaired cognition, and possibly higher rates of death). [15] [16]

  7. Hypernatremia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatremia

    Hypernatremia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of more than 145 mmol/L. [3] Severe symptoms typically only occur when levels are above 160 mmol/L. [1] Hypernatremia is typically classified by a person's fluid status into low volume , normal volume, and high volume . [ 1 ]

  8. Diabetic? These Foods Will Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check

    www.aol.com/31-foods-diabetics-help-keep...

    Apples. The original source of sweetness for many of the early settlers in the United States, the sugar from an apple comes with a healthy dose of fiber.

  9. Exhaled nitric oxide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaled_nitric_oxide

    The levels are higher in people with an atopic constitution (a tendency towards allergies). [30] The fraction of eNO is also flow-dependent (higher at lower flow rates and vice versa), so measurements are normally measured at 50 ml/s. Age or height could also considerably confound eNO values in children. [28]