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After smallpox was successfully eradicated in 1980, the International Certificate of Vaccination against Smallpox was cancelled in 1981, and the new 1983 form lacked any provision for smallpox vaccination. [10] [12] Thus, only yellow fever remained as vaccination requirement for international travel for which the ICV was used. [citation needed]
The policy had a few flaws: the smallpox vaccination certificates were not always checked by qualified airport personnel, or when passengers transferred at airports in smallpox-free countries. Travel agencies mistakenly provided certificates to some unvaccinated customers, and there were some instances of falsified documents.
Poxviridae viral particles (virions) are generally enveloped (external enveloped virion), though the intracellular mature virion form of the virus, which contains different envelope, is also infectious. They vary in their shape depending upon the species but are generally shaped like a brick or as an oval form similar to a rounded brick because ...
The Massachusetts smallpox epidemic or colonial epidemic was a smallpox outbreak that hit Massachusetts in 1633. [1] Smallpox outbreaks were not confined to 1633 however, and occurred nearly every ten years. [2] Smallpox was caused by two different types of variola viruses: variola major and variola minor. [3]
The most common type of smallpox, ordinary, historically has devastated populations with a 30% death rate. The smallpox virus is transmittable through bodily fluids and materials contaminated with infected materials. Generally, face-to-face contact is required for an individual to contract smallpox as a result of an interaction with another human.
Benjamin Jesty by Michael William Sharp, 1805. Benjamin Jesty (c. 1736 – 16 April 1816) was a farmer at Yetminster and Worth Matravers in Dorset, England, notable for his early experiments in inducing immunity against smallpox using cowpox.
A particularly virulent sequence of smallpox outbreaks took place in Boston, Massachusetts. most severe epidemic occurred. The entire population fled the city, bringing the virus to the rest of the Thirteen Colonies. [18] Colonists tried to prevent the spread of smallpox by isolation and inoculation. Inoculation caused a mild form of the ...
Onesimus (late 1600s–1700s [1]) was an African (likely Akan) man who was instrumental in the mitigation of smallpox in Boston, Massachusetts.. He introduced his enslaver, Puritan clergyman Cotton Mather, to the principle and procedure of the variolation method of inoculation, which prevented smallpox and laid the foundation for the development of vaccines.