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The compound was first registered in 1974 in the United States, together with a United States patent of organophosphates for use in corn fields to deter corn rootworms. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Between 1987 and 1996, an average of about 7.5 million pounds (about 3,400 tons) of the compound was used each year. [ 13 ]
Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole insecticide class. [3] Fipronil disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking the ligand-gated ion channel of the GABA A receptor (IRAC group 2B) and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels. This causes hyperexcitation of contaminated insects' nerves and muscles.
An insect growth regulator (IGR) is a chemical insecticide that kills insects indirectly by disrupting their life cycles. [1] The term was initially proposed to describe the effects of juvenile hormone analogs. [2] Although the term "insect growth disruptor" more accurately describes the actions of IGRs, it did not become widely used. [1]
Phenylpyrazole insecticides function by blocking GABA-gated chloride channels in insects (IRAC group 2B). [1] Mammals do not have this type of chloride channel, making them much less susceptible to its effects. However, they do have the capacity to disrupt epithelial cells in the human intestine and adversely impact human health. [2]
EPN is an insecticide of the phosphonothioate class. It is used against pests such as European corn borer , rice stem borer , bollworm , tobacco budworm , and boll weevil . [ 4 ]
The current (2020) label for tefluthrin in the USA covers its use on field corn, popcorn, seed corn and sweetcorn and specifies the amount to be applied. [25] Within the European Union, a 2-tiered approach is used for the approval and authorisation of pesticides. Firstly, before a formulated product can be developed for market, the active ...
Carbofuran is a carbamate insecticide, banned in the US, the EU and Canada but still widely used in South America, Australia and Asia. [6] It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from there the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained.
Pymetrozine is an insecticide in the pyridine-azomethine chemical class, primarily utilized for controlling homopteran pests, such as aphids and whiteflies, in agricultural settings. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Its mode of action selectively targets the feeding behavior of sap-feeding insects, causing them to cease feeding soon after ingestion.
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