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The ocean contains a natural buffer system to maintain a pH between 8.1 and 8.3. [11] The oceans buffer system is known as the carbonate buffer system. [12] The carbonate buffer system is a series of reactions that uses carbonate as a buffer to convert into bicarbonate. [12]
With specific values for C a and K a this quadratic equation can be solved for x. Assuming [4] that pH = −log 10 [H +] the pH can be calculated as pH = −log 10 x. If the degree of dissociation is quite small, C a ≫ x and the expression simplifies to = and pH = 1 / 2 (pK a − log C a).
K 1, K 2 and DIC each have units of a concentration, e.g. mol/L. A Bjerrum plot is obtained by using these three equations to plot these three species against pH = −log 10 [H +] eq, for given K 1, K 2 and DIC. The fractions in these equations give the three species' relative proportions, and so if DIC is unknown, or the actual concentrations ...
When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7, while a base, or alkali, will have a pH greater than 7. A strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid, at concentration 1 mol dm −3 has a pH of 0, while a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide, at the same concentration, has a pH of 14. Since pH is a logarithmic scale, a difference of ...
The top left graph is linear in the X- and Y-axes, and the Y-axis ranges from 0 to 10. A base-10 log scale is used for the Y-axis of the bottom left graph, and the Y-axis ranges from 0.1 to 1000. The top right graph uses a log-10 scale for just the X-axis, and the bottom right graph uses a log-10 scale for both the X axis and the Y-axis.
More generally, if x = b y, then y is the logarithm of x to base b, written log b x, so log 10 1000 = 3. As a single-variable function, the logarithm to base b is the inverse of exponentiation with base b. The logarithm base 10 is called the decimal or common logarithm and is commonly used in science and engineering.
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The smaller the difference, the more the overlap. In the case of citric acid, the overlap is extensive and solutions of citric acid are buffered over the whole range of pH 2.5 to 7.5. Calculation of the pH with a polyprotic acid requires a speciation calculation to be performed. In the case of citric acid, this entails the solution of the two ...
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