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Diethyl malonate, also known as DEM, is the diethyl ester of malonic acid. It occurs naturally in grapes and strawberries as a colourless liquid with an apple-like odour, and is used in perfumes. It is also used to synthesize other compounds such as barbiturates, artificial flavourings, vitamin B 1, and vitamin B 6.
Malonic acid is the precursor in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII), in which it is converted to malonyl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 (ACSF3). [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Additionally, the coenzyme A derivative of malonate, malonyl-CoA, is an important precursor in cytosolic fatty acid biosynthesis along with acetyl CoA .
Dimethyl malonate is a diester derivative of malonic acid. It is a common reagent for organic synthesis used, for example, as a precursor for barbituric acid. It is also used in the malonic ester synthesis. It can be synthesized from dimethoxymethane and carbon monoxide. [2]
Unlike other malonic esters that are derived via malonic ester synthesis, diethyl phenylmalonate is typically indirectly derived via a Claisen condensation with diethyl oxalate and ethyl phenylacetate followed by decarbonylation. [2]
Diethyl oxomalonate is the diethyl ester of mesoxalic acid (ketomalonic acid), the simplest oxodicarboxylic acid and thus the first member (n = 0) of a homologous series HOOC–CO–(CH 2) n –COOH with the higher homologues oxalacetic acid (n = 1), α-ketoglutaric acid (n = 2) and α-ketoadipic acid (n = 3) (the latter a metabolite of the amino acid lysine).
Disodium malonate is a sodium salt of malonic acid with the chemical formula CH 2 (COONa) 2. It is a white crystal soluble in water but not in alcohols, esters or benzene. It can be prepared from the reaction of sodium hydroxide and malonic acid: CH 2 (COOH) 2 + 2 NaOH → CH 2 (COONa) 2 + 2 H 2 O
Dihydroxymalonic acid is a water-soluble white solid. It crystallizes in deliquescent prisms that melt between 113 °C and 121 °C without loss of water. [ 4 ] It has been used in medical research as a hypoglycemic agent [ 5 ] and was patented in the United States in 1997 as a fast-acting antidote to cyanide poisoning.
Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. The decarboxylation of this compound by heat is essential for the psychoactive effect of smoked cannabis, and depends on conversion of the enol to a keto group when the alpha carbon is protonated. Upon heating, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid decarboxylates to give the psychoactive compound Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ...
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