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Mirrors, on the other hand, were made with bronze that had approximately 20% tin as it needed a speculum, which is a silvery-white alloy. [12] Another copper alloy, brass, was not widely used in casting objects as it was very difficult to produce. [12] The production of brass did not begin until the development of the cementation process. [12]
Gold was mined at Dolaucothi in Wales, copper and tin in Cornwall, and lead in the Pennines, Mendip Hills and Wales. Significant studies have been made on the iron production of Roman Britain; iron use in Europe was intensified by the Romans, and was part of the exchange of ideas between the cultures through Roman occupation. [4]
The 1330s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, ... April 26 – The Ascent of Mount Ventoux is made by the Italian poet Petrarch: ...
Copper was produced at an annual rate of 15,000 t, [17] and lead at 80,000 t, [18] both production levels unmatched until the Industrial Revolution; [19] Spain alone had a 40 percent share in world lead production. [20] The high lead output was a by-product of extensive silver mining which reached 200 t per annum. [21]
1330 19 March – Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, son of Edward I and brother of Edward II, (executed by Roger Mortimer) (born 1301) 29 November – Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, de facto ruler of England (born 1287)
At the same time, he banned gold and silver as currency, which led to the decreasing importance of these two precious metals. Baochao was abolished as a currency in 1425. In addition, Ming did not have enough money to make copper coins, which was the first currency in the first dynasty. Therefore, copper coin making was banned in the early ...
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Crop decisions were often made by individuals or a small group of farmers rather than a whole village. An individual farmer might possess not only cultivated land, but woods and pastures, rather than the commons of the pure open-field system. Villages were often strung out along a road rather than nucleated as in the archetypal open-field ...