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"Turkey, Kemalism and the Soviet Union: Problems of Modernization, Ideology and Interpretation" London & New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Zalyaev, Ramil. "The Soviet Attitude Towards Turkey in the First Years of their Relations, and the 1925 Neutrality Treaty." International Journal of Turkish Studies (2005) 11#1-2 pp 107–126. covers 1918 ...
First Turkish President, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk with King Amānullāh Khān of Afghanistan (on the right) in Ankara in 1928. Afghanistan and Turkey relations span several centuries, as many Turkic and Afghan peoples ruled vast areas of Central Asia and the Middle East particularly the Ghaznavids, Seljuks, Khalji, Timurid, Mughal, Afsharid and Durrani empires.
During the Sino-Soviet split, strained relations between China and the USSR resulted in bloody border clashes and mutual backing for the opponent's enemies. [109] [110] China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the King's rule. When the pro-Soviet Afghan Communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978, relations between ...
The Soviets also had interests in the energy resources of Afghanistan, including oil and natural gas exploration from the 1950s and 1960s. [43] The USSR began to import Afghan gas from 1968 onwards. [44] Between 1954 and 1977, the Soviet Union provided Afghanistan with economic aid worth of about 1 billion rubles. [45]
The foreign relations of Afghanistan have changed so much politically, socially and economically. Today the relations between the two countries go beyond giving military education. In this respect it is noteworthy that this article handles the developments in the relationship between Afghanistan and Turkey in historical context. [175]
Two Soviet invasions of Afghanistan took place between 1929 and 1930. The first intervention was a special operation aimed at supporting the ousted king of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan, in a civil war against the Saqqawists and Basmachi. The Soviets occupied the Balkh Province however they withdrew after the King fled the country. Thus, the ...
Anglo-Afghan relations soured over British fear of an Afghan-Soviet friendship, especially with the introduction of a few Soviet planes into Afghanistan. British unease increased when Amanullah maintained contacts with Indian nationalists and gave them asylum in Kabul, and also when he sought to stir up unrest among the Pashtun tribes across ...
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