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Between 1840 and 1843, Joule carefully studied the heat produced by an electric current. From this study, he developed Joule's laws of heating, the first of which is commonly referred to as the Joule effect. Joule's first law expresses the relationship between heat generated in a conductor and current flow, resistance, and time. [1]
The joule (/ dʒ uː l / JOOL, or / dʒ aʊ l / JOWL; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). [1] In terms of SI base units , one joule corresponds to one kilogram - square metre per square second (1 J = 1 kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −2 ).
The SI unit for specific energy is the joule per kilogram (J/kg). Other units still in use worldwide in some contexts are the kilocalorie per gram (Cal/g or kcal/g), mostly in food-related topics, and watt-hours per kilogram (W⋅h/kg) in the field of batteries.
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol ) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure–volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure.
The SI unit of volumetric heat capacity is joule per kelvin per cubic meter, J⋅K −1 ⋅m −3. The volumetric heat capacity can also be expressed as the specific heat capacity (heat capacity per unit of mass, in J⋅K −1 ⋅kg −1) times the density of the substance (in kg/L, or g/mL). [1] It is defined to serve as an intensive property.
1.4×10 3 J: Total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant) [93] 2.3×10 3 J: Energy to vaporize 1 g of water into steam [94] 3×10 3 J: Lorentz force can crusher pinch [95] 3.4×10 3 J: Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg [96] thrown at 30.7 m/s ...
It therefore has f = 3 + 3 + 2(3n − 6) = 6n − 6 energy-absorbing degrees of freedom (one less than a linear molecule with the same atom count). Water H 2 O (n = 3) is bent in its non-strained state, therefore it is predicted to have f = 12 degrees of freedom. [19] Methane CH 4 (n = 5) is tridimensional, and the formula predicts f = 24.
Some food processing equipment may make use of Joule heating: running a current through food material (which behave as an electrical resistor) causes heat release inside the food. [2] The alternating electrical current coupled with the resistance of the food causes the generation of heat. [3] A higher resistance increases the heat generated.