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In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet .
Conversely, precision can be lost when converting representations from integer to floating-point, since a floating-point type may be unable to exactly represent all possible values of some integer type. For example, float might be an IEEE 754 single precision type, which cannot represent the integer 16777217 exactly, while a 32-bit integer type ...
LeetCode LLC, doing business as LeetCode, is an online platform for coding interview preparation. The platform provides coding and algorithmic problems intended for users to practice coding . [ 1 ] LeetCode has gained popularity among job seekers in the software industry and coding enthusiasts as a resource for technical interviews and coding ...
For Python 3, you can use the method str.maketrans() text = "this is an example without capital letters" my_rot13 = str . maketrans ( "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" , "nopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklm" ) print ( text . translate ( my_rot13 )) # guvf vf na rknzcyr jvgubhg pncvgny yrggref
The first section introduces the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, including its arithmetic and methods for converting between different representation systems. [5] This section also includes the first known description of trial division for testing whether a number is composite and, if so, factoring it.
In computer science, an integer literal is a kind of literal for an integer whose value is directly represented in source code.For example, in the assignment statement x = 1, the string 1 is an integer literal indicating the value 1, while in the statement x = 0x10 the string 0x10 is an integer literal indicating the value 16, which is represented by 10 in hexadecimal (indicated by the 0x prefix).
A code point is a value or position of a character in a coded character set. [10] A code space is the range of numerical values spanned by a coded character set. [10] [12] A code unit is the minimum bit combination that can represent a character in a character encoding (in computer science terms, it is the word size of the character encoding).
This process involves converting the input data into a compressed format by identifying and counting consecutive occurrences of each character. The steps are as follows: Traverse the input data. Count the number of consecutive repeating characters (run length). Store the character and its run length.