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The first reference to a book being used in learning mathematics in China is dated to the second century CE (Hou Hanshu: 24, 862; 35,1207). We are told that Ma Xu, who is a youth c. 110, and Zheng Xuan (127–200) both studied the Nine Chapters on Mathematical procedures. Christopher Cullen claims that mathematics, in a manner akin to medicine ...
The Suàn shù shū (算數書) or Writings on Reckonings is an ancient Chinese text on mathematics approximately seven thousand characters in length, written on 190 bamboo strips. It was discovered together with other writings in 1983 when archaeologists opened a tomb in Hubei province.
Chapter 1 discusses measurement units of length, weight and capacity, and the rules of counting rods.Although counting rods were in use in the Spring and Autumn period and there were many ancient books on mathematics such as Book on Numbers and Computation and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, no detailed account of the rules was given.
The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, containing the world's earliest decimal multiplication table, dated 305 BC during the Warring States period. The Chinese multiplication table is the first requisite for using the Rod calculus for carrying out multiplication, division, the extraction of square roots, and the solving of equations based on place value decimal notation.
(2003). The Development of E-mathematics Resources at Tsinghua University Library (THUL)," in Electronic Information and Communication in Mathematics, 1–13. Edited by Fengshen Bai and Bernd Wegner. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-40689-1. Stephanie Pain, Histories: China's oldest mathematical puzzles, New Scientist, 30 July 2006.
First page of Haidao Suanjing in the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries Survey of a sea island. Haidao Suanjing (海島算經; The Island Mathematical Manual) was written by the Chinese mathematician Liu Hui of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280) as an extension of chapter 9 of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. [1]
Counting rods (筭) are small bars, typically 3–14 cm (1" to 6") long, that were used by mathematicians for calculation in ancient East Asia.They are placed either horizontally or vertically to represent any integer or rational number.
Outside of mathematics, kecheng is a term most commonly used for collecting taxes. Li Ji's "Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Arts: Pronunciations and Meanings" also glosses cheng as "measure," again using a nonmathematical term, kelü, commonly used for taxation. This is how Li Ji defines fangcheng: "Fang means [on the] left and right.
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