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Significant seismic damage may occur if the building response is 'in tune' with components of the ground motion , which may be identified from the response spectrum. This was observed in the 1985 Mexico City Earthquake [ 1 ] where the oscillation of the deep-soil lake bed was similar to the natural frequency of mid-rise concrete buildings ...
Collectors, also known as drag members, transfer the diaphragm shear to shear walls and other vertical elements of the seismic-force-resisting system. Shear walls are typically made of light framed or braced wood sheathed in shear-resisting material such as plywood or other structurally rigid panels, reinforced concrete , reinforced masonry ...
Seismic performance assessment or seismic structural analysis is a powerful tool of earthquake engineering which utilizes detailed modelling of the structure together with methods of structural analysis to gain a better understanding of seismic performance of building and non-building structures. The technique as a formal concept is a ...
Earthquake shaking tables are essential in model testing contests, where participants evaluate designs developed within specific guidelines against simulated seismic activity. [5] Simple shake tables are also used in architecture and structural engineering primarily for educational purposes, helping students learn how structures respond to ...
The moment tensor solution is displayed graphically using a so-called beachball diagram. The pattern of energy radiated during an earthquake with a single direction of motion on a single fault plane may be modelled as a double couple, which is described mathematically as a special case of a second order tensor (similar to those for stress and strain) known as the moment tensor.
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic demand on structures and with recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged.
Ground motion hazard map for Hawaii, based on a 2% probability of exceeding 0.2 second spectral acceleration at 5 Hz in 50 years. Spectral acceleration (SA) is a unit measured in g (the acceleration due to Earth's gravity, equivalent to g-force) that describes the maximum acceleration in an earthquake on an object – specifically a damped, harmonic oscillator moving in one physical dimension.
Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means application of an earthquake-generated agitation [1] to a structure. It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, [ 2 ] or with adjacent structures, [ 3 ] or with gravity waves from tsunami .