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Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts in organisms that underwent secondary endosymbiosis , such as the euglenids and ...
Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast. [170] Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, these starch grains may grow very large, distorting the grana and thylakoids.
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Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6, which is often abbreviated as Glc. [4] It is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, [5] a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight.
Once inside the cell, glucose is broken down to make adenosine triphosphate , [2] a molecule that possesses readily available energy, through two different pathways. In plant cells, chloroplasts create sugars by photosynthesis, using the energy of light to join molecules of water and carbon dioxide.
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