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Several MPLS services including end-to-end QoS management, [18] and 6PE, [19] require keeping a label even between the penultimate and the last MPLS router, with a label disposition always done on the last MPLS router, ultimate hop popping (UHP). [20] [21] Some specific label values have been notably reserved [22] [23] for this use. In this ...
"Examples of the label switching (or virtual circuit) model include Frame Relay, ATM, and MPLS. In this model, path forwarding state and traffic management or quality of service (QoS) state is established for traffic streams on each hop along a network path. Traffic aggregates of varying granularity are associated with a label-switched path at ...
Two routers with an established session are called LDP peers and the exchange of information is bi-directional. LDP is used to build and maintain label-switched path (LSP) databases that are used to forward traffic through MPLS networks. LDP can be used to distribute the inner label (VC/VPN/service label) and outer label (path label) in MPLS.
M20 was the second router introduced by Juniper Networks which was released in December 1999. The M20 also uses the Internet Processor II ASIC and is capable of throughput in excess of 10 Gbit/s full-duplex. The M20 was the first Juniper router available with redundancy (power supply, routing engine, and system and switch board [SSB] ). [14]
In March 2013, Juniper released the EX9200 switch, which isn't part of the MX Series, but uses the same software and Trio chipset. [18] A virtualized MX series 3D router, the vMX 3D, was introduced in November 2014. [19] A suite of updates were announced in late 2015. New MPC line cards were introduced, which have a throughput of up to 1.6 Tbit/s.
Penultimate hop popping (PHP) is specified in RFC 3031 Section 3.16 and is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLS enabled network.It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS tagged packet is removed by a label switch router (LSR) before the packet is passed to an adjacent label edge router (LER).
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Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) [1] is a protocol suite extending MPLS to manage further classes of interfaces and switching technologies other than packet interfaces and switching, such as time-division multiplexing, layer-2 switching, wavelength switching and fiber-switching.