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Compared to similarly sized fish, mammals and birds typically have brain sizes fifteen times larger, though some species of fish such as elephantnose fish have very large brain-to-body ratios. However, fish still display intelligence that cannot be explained through Pavlovian and operant conditioning, such as reversal learning, novel obstacle ...
Fish fulfill several criteria proposed as indicating that non-human animals experience pain. These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and ...
Results from this study suggest that current evidence for general intelligence is weak in non-human animals. [130] The general factor of intelligence, or g factor, is a psychometric construct that summarizes the correlations observed between an individual's scores on various measures of cognitive abilities.
Fish can be obligate or facultative (optional) shoalers. [6] Obligate shoalers, such as tunas, herrings and anchovy, spend all of their time shoaling or schooling, and become agitated if separated from the group. Facultative shoalers, such as Atlantic cod, saiths and some carangids, shoal only some of the time, perhaps for reproductive purposes ...
The book has been admired by reviewers, who have found it delightfully written, [1] undogmatic but incisive in its analysis, [2] and its account of intelligence as a subjective embodied experience elegantly told. [3] His octopus subjects come across as "uncannily personable without being at all human." [4]
Anadromous – fish that live their adult lives in the ocean but migrate up fresh water rivers to spawn. Examples are Pacific salmon. Fish that migrate in the opposite direction are called catadromous. Anoxic sea water – sea water depleted of oxygen. See hypoxia. Anoxic sediments – sediments depleted of oxygen.
Books about ethics, a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior". Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total.
Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish . According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described as of October 2016, with approximately 250 new species described each year. [1] [citation needed]