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Extreme ultraviolet and higher frequencies, such as X-rays or gamma rays are ionizing, and these pose their own special hazards: see radiation poisoning. The field strength of electromagnetic radiation is measured in volts per meter (V/m). [2]
X-ray therapy for diphtheria, 1922. The X-ray table was designed specifically for the treatment of children to eliminate the dangers of high voltage wires. In 1896, Viennese dermatologist Leopold Freund (1868-1943) used X-rays to treat patients for the first time.
In 1999, Time placed Shoe-Store X Rays on a list of the 100 worst ideas of the 20th century. [29] [30] A shoe-fitting fluoroscope appeared on a 2011 episode of the History series American Restoration. [31] Its radionuclide source was found to be so dangerous that it was removed and replaced with a static X-ray. [32]
Natural color X-ray photogram of a wine scene. Note the edges of hollow cylinders as compared to the solid candle. William Coolidge explains medical imaging and X-rays.. An X-ray (also known in many languages as Röntgen radiation) is a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than those of ultraviolet rays and longer than those of gamma rays.
Many physicists claimed that there were no effects from x-ray exposure at all. [31] As early as 1902 William Herbert Rollins wrote almost despairingly that his warnings about the dangers involved in careless use of x-rays was not being heeded, either by industry or by his colleagues. By this time Rollins had proved that x-rays could kill ...
Number of chest X-rays resulting in same effective dose Skull radiography (X-ray) 0.015 1 Chest X-ray 0.013 1 Lumbar spine X-ray 0.44 30 Abdomen X-ray 0.46 35 Pelvis X-ray 0.48 35 Screening mammography (4 views) 0.2 15 Dental X-ray (intraoral) 0.013 1 Diagnostic fluoroscopy: barium swallow 1 70 Cardiac angiography 7 500 Head CT 2 150 Chest CT 10
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Radiation can have harmful effects on solid materials as it can degrade their properties so that they are no longer mechanically sound. This is of special concern as it can greatly affect their ability to perform in nuclear reactors and is the emphasis of radiation material science, which seeks to mitigate this danger.