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History of fluid mechanics. The history of fluid mechanics is a fundamental strand of the history of physics and engineering. The study of the movement of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces that act upon them dates back to pre-history. The field has undergone a continuous evolution, driven by human dependence on water, meteorological ...
Pressure in water and air. Pascal's law applies for fluids. Pascal's principle is defined as: A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed incompressible fluid at rest is transmitted equally and undiminished to all points in all directions throughout the fluid, and the force due to the pressure acts at right angles to the enclosing walls.
In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient of discharge or efflux coefficient) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge, [1] i.e., the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions to the same exit pressures.
Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium [1] and "the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body". [ 2 ] It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium as opposed to fluid dynamics , the study of fluids in motion.
A flow that is not a function of time is called steady flow. Steady-state flow refers to the condition where the fluid properties at a point in the system do not change over time. Time dependent flow is known as unsteady (also called transient [8]). Whether a particular flow is steady or unsteady, can depend on the chosen frame of reference.
In the Eulerian specification of a field, the field is represented as a function of position x and time t. For example, the flow velocity is represented by a function. On the other hand, in the Lagrangian specification, individual fluid parcels are followed through time. The fluid parcels are labelled by some (time-independent) vector field x0.
This flow profile of a fluid in a pipe shows that the fluid acts in layers that slide over one another. Laminar flow ( / ˈlæmənər /) is the property of fluid particles in fluid dynamics to follow smooth paths in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with little or no mixing. [ 1] At low velocities, the fluid tends ...
An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLeod gauge can measure vacuums as high as 10 −6 torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can ...