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Iron (III) chloride describes the inorganic compounds with the formula Fe Cl 3 (H 2 O) x. Also called ferric chloride, these compounds are some of the most important and commonplace compounds of iron. They are available both in anhydrous and in hydrated forms which are both hygroscopic.
Also, the nitric acid or ferric chloride used to etch traces into the boards is also removed from the process. Since the PCB and parts population stages happen in the same process in the same plant, a company would no longer need to wait for the delivery of ordered PCBs to begin manufacturing.
ferric chloride may be used for etching copper or zinc plates, whereas nitric acid may be used for etching zinc or steel plates. Typical solutions are 1 part FeCl 3 to 1 part water and 1 part nitric to 3 parts water. The strength of the acid determines the speed of the etching process. The etching process is known as biting (see also spit ...
The etching line is a multi-chambered machine that has driven-wheel conveyors to move the plates and arrays of spray nozzles above and below the plates. The etchant is typically an aqueous solution of acid, frequently ferric chloride, that is heated and directed under pressure to both sides of the plate. The etchant reacts with the unprotected ...
Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, ammonium persulfate is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution. [1] [6] This property was discovered many years ago. In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute ammonium persulfate solution to etch copper.
Hydrated forms of ferrous chloride are generated by treatment of wastes from steel production with hydrochloric acid. Such solutions are designated "spent acid," or "pickle liquor" especially when the hydrochloric acid is not completely consumed: Fe + 2 HCl → FeCl 2 + H 2. The production of ferric chloride involves the use of ferrous chloride.
In organic chemistry, Keller's reagent is a mixture of anhydrous (glacial) acetic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, and small amounts of ferric chloride, used to detect alkaloids. Keller's reagent can also be used to detect other kinds of alkaloids via reactions in which it produces products with a wide range of colors. [4][5][6] Cohn describes ...
Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides, ferric chloride being the most common. [14] 2 Fe + 3 X 2 → 2 FeX 3 (X = F, Cl, Br) Ferric iodide is an exception, being thermodynamically unstable due to the oxidizing power of Fe 3+ and the high reducing power of I −: [14] 2 I − + 2 Fe 3+ → I 2 ...
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