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2. Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system

   Trachtenberg defined this algorithm with a kind of pairwise multiplication where two digits are multiplied by one digit, essentially only keeping the middle digit of the result. By performing the above algorithm with this pairwise multiplication, even fewer temporary results need to be held.

3. Binary number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number

   A binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, a method for representing numbers that uses only two symbols for the natural numbers: typically "0" and "1" ().

4. Lattice multiplication - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_multiplication

   Lattice multiplication, also known as the Italian method, Chinese method, Chinese lattice, gelosia multiplication, [ 1] sieve multiplication, shabakh, diagonally or Venetian squares, is a method of multiplication that uses a lattice to multiply two multi-digit numbers. It is mathematically identical to the more commonly used long multiplication ...

5. Karatsuba algorithm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsuba_algorithm

   The Karatsuba algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm. It was discovered by Anatoly Karatsuba in 1960 and published in 1962. [ 1][ 2][ 3] It is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that reduces the multiplication of two n -digit numbers to three multiplications of n /2-digit numbers and, by repeating this reduction, to at most single-digit ...

6. Elementary arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_arithmetic

   Elementary arithmetic is a branch of mathematics involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Due to its low level of abstraction, broad range of application, and position as the foundation of all mathematics, elementary arithmetic is generally the first branch of mathematics taught in schools. [ 1][ 2]

7. Multiplication algorithm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_algorithm

   A multiplication algorithm is an algorithm (or method) to multiply two numbers. Depending on the size of the numbers, different algorithms are more efficient than others. Numerous algorithms are known and there has been much research into the topic. The oldest and simplest method, known since antiquity as long multiplication or grade-school ...

8. Multiplicative digital root - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_digital_root

   In number theory, the multiplicative digital root of a natural number in a given number base is found by multiplying the digits of together, then repeating this operation until only a single-digit remains, which is called the multiplicative digital root of . [ 1][ 2] The multiplicative digital root for the first few positive integers are ...

9. Napier's bones - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_bones

   Napier's bones. Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication, and also called rabdology, a word invented by Napier. Napier published his version in 1617. [ 1]