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While none of the main four species of malaria parasite that cause human infections are known to have animal reservoirs, [359] P. knowlesi is known to infect both humans and non-human primates. [52] Other non-human primate malarias (particularly P. cynomolgi and P. simium) have also been found to have spilled over into humans. [360]
Incidence and distribution of the disease ("malaria burden") is expected to remain high, globally, for many years to come; moreover, known antimalarial drugs have repeatedly been observed to elicit resistance in the malaria parasite—including for combination therapies featuring artemisinin, a drug of last resort, where resistance has now been ...
Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible.
P. malariae can infect several species of mosquito and can cause malaria in humans. [2] P. malariae can be maintained at very low infection rates among a sparse and mobile population because unlike the other Plasmodium parasites, it can remain in a human host for an extended period of time and still remain infectious to mosquitoes. [8]
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans. [2] The parasite is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito and causes the disease's most dangerous form, falciparum malaria. P. falciparum is therefore regarded as the deadliest ...
Chronic infection without severe disease can occur in an immune-deficiency syndrome associated with a decreased responsiveness to Salmonella bacteria and the Epstein–Barr virus. [92] During childhood, malaria causes anemia during a period of rapid brain development, and also direct brain damage resulting from cerebral malaria. [91]
A serendipitous discovery was made in China in the early 1980s while searching for novel anthelmintics for schistosomiasis that artemisinin was effective against schistosomes, [88] [89] the human blood flukes, which are the second-most prevalent parasitic infections, after malaria.
Antibiotics for bacterial infections. Antivirals for viral infections. Antifungals for fungal infections. Antiprotozoals for protozoan infections. Antihelminthics for infections caused by parasitic worms. Infectious diseases remain a significant global health concern, causing approximately 9.2 million deaths in 2013 (17% of all deaths).