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The ensuing war was swiftly won by Sweden under Charles John's generalship. [84] [111] The military operations in 1814 were to be Sweden's last war to this day. [112] Charles John could have named his terms to Norway, but in a key concession accepted the Constitution of Norway and its own political autonomy.
The fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XII does not mean that he was the twelfth king of Sweden by that name. Swedish kings Erik XIV (r. 1560–1568) and Charles IX (r. 1604–1611) gave themselves numerals after studying a mythological history of Sweden. He was actually the sixth King Charles. [6]
In 1813, he broke with Napoleon and led Sweden into the anti-Napoleon alliance. When Norway was awarded to Sweden by the Treaty of Kiel, Norway resisted and declared independence, triggering a brief war between Sweden and Norway. The war ended when Bernadotte persuaded Norway to enter into a personal union with Sweden. Instead of being merely a ...
In 1803, the United Kingdom had declared war on France, and Sweden remained neutral, together with Denmark–Norway and Prussia.However, after the execution of Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé in 1804, the Swedish government broke all diplomatic ties with France and concluded a convention to allow the British to use Swedish Pomerania as a military base against France in exchange for payments.
The Napoleonic Wars were a defining event of the early 19th century, and inspired many works of fiction, from then until the present day. Leo Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace recounts Napoleon's wars between 1805 and 1812 (especially the disastrous 1812 invasion of Russia and subsequent retreat) from a Russian perspective.
From 1389 to 1523, Sweden was often united with Denmark and Norway under the kings of the Kalmar Union. Sweden's full independence was restored under Gustav I in 1523. He is often credited as the founder of modern Sweden, [11] and in 1544 he formally abandoned the previous elective monarchy in favor of hereditary succession. [12]
Oscar I (born Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte; 4 July 1799 – 8 July 1859) was King of Sweden and Norway from 8 March 1844 until his death. [1] [2] [3] He was the second monarch of the House of Bernadotte. The only child of King Charles XIV John, Oscar inherited the thrones upon the death of his father. Throughout his reign he would pursue a ...
When, after the Napoleonic Wars, Norway was in personal union with Sweden, the title included King of Norway, in older Swedish spellings: Sweriges, Norriges, Göthes och Wendes Konung. Upon his accession, Carl XVI Gustaf chose for his title simply Sveriges Konung (King of Sweden). [35]