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In mathematics, Lehrbuch der Topologie (German for "textbook of topology") is a book by Herbert Seifert and William Threlfall, first published in 1934 and published in an English translation in 1980. It was one of the earliest textbooks on algebraic topology, and was the standard reference on this topic for many years. Albert W. Tucker wrote a ...
The book is organized historically, and reviewer Robert Bradley divides the topics of the book into three parts. [3] The first part discusses the earlier history of polyhedra, including the works of Pythagoras, Thales, Euclid, and Johannes Kepler, and the discovery by René Descartes of a polyhedral version of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem (later seen to be equivalent to Euler's formula).
A three-dimensional model of a figure-eight knot.The figure-eight knot is a prime knot and has an Alexander–Briggs notation of 4 1.. Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling ...
The study of manifolds combines many important areas of mathematics: it generalizes concepts such as curves and surfaces as well as ideas from linear algebra and topology. Certain special classes of manifolds also have additional algebraic structure; they may behave like groups, for instance. In that case, they are called Lie Groups.
This approach was used as late as 1970 with the publication of Counterexamples in Topology by Lynn A. Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr. In contrast, general topologists , led by John L. Kelley in 1955, usually did not assume T 1 , so they studied the separation axioms in the greatest generality from the beginning.
The book, which went into a second edition in 1931, was the first English-language textbook on topology, and served for many years as the standard reference for the domain. Its contents were based on the work of Henri Poincaré as well as Veblen's own work with his former student and colleague, James Alexander .
Andrew Casson introduces the Casson invariant for homology 3-spheres, bringing the whole new set of ideas into the 3-dimensional topology, and relating the geometry of 3-manifolds with the geometry of representation spaces of the fundamental group of a 2-manifold. This leads to a direct connection with mathematical physics.
In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms are properties that homology theories of topological spaces have in common. The quintessential example of a homology theory satisfying the axioms is singular homology, developed by Samuel Eilenberg and Norman Steenrod.