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In organic chemistry, hyperconjugation (σ-conjugation or no-bond resonance) refers to the delocalization of electrons with the participation of bonds of primarily σ-character. Usually, hyperconjugation involves the interaction of the electrons in a sigma (σ) orbital (e.g. C–H or C–C) with an adjacent unpopulated non-bonding p or ...
In chemistry, the mesomeric effect (or resonance effect) is a property of substituents or functional groups in a chemical compound.It is defined as the polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or between a pi bond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom. [1]
Contributing structures of the carbonate ion. In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, [1] also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.
This is most commonly explained by hyperconjugation, meaning little to no inductive effects but partial resonance effects. Fig. 2a F values for common substituents. CF 3 has a much higher R/F ratio than other substituents with high degrees of conjugation. This was studied in greater detail by Swain but is still explained best by fluoride ...
The α- and β-anomers of D-glucopyranose.. In organic chemistry, the anomeric effect or Edward-Lemieux effect (after J. T. Edward and Raymond Lemieux) is a stereoelectronic effect that describes the tendency of heteroatomic substituents adjacent to a heteroatom within a cyclohexane ring to prefer the axial orientation instead of the less-hindered equatorial orientation that would be expected ...
Linear and bridged structure of vinyl cation C 2 H + 3. Adapted from [17] Resonance structure of β-silyl substituted vinyl cation that exhibits hyperconjugation. The bond angle from the X-ray structure is also noted. Adapted from [17] Two possible structures can be envisioned for C 2 H +
In organic chemistry, negative hyperconjugation is the donation of electron density from a filled π- or p-orbital to a neighboring σ *-orbital. [1] This phenomenon, a type of resonance, can stabilize the molecule or transition state. [2] It also causes an elongation of the σ-bond by adding electron density to its antibonding orbital. [1]
This bromine dioxide radical is stabilized by the resonance of the molecule. Structure from J. Chem. Phys. (1997) 107, 8292-8302. [7] Resonance. Radicals can be stabilized by the donation of negative charge from resonance, or in other words, electron delocalization. Hyperconjugation