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  2. Interpretations of quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum...

    The definition of quantum theorists' terms, such as wave function and matrix mechanics, progressed through many stages.For instance, Erwin Schrödinger originally viewed the electron's wave function as its charge density smeared across space, but Max Born reinterpreted the absolute square value of the wave function as the electron's probability density distributed across space; [3]: 24–33 ...

  3. Wave function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function

    The physical interpretation is that such a set represents what can – in theory – simultaneously be measured with arbitrary precision. The Heisenberg uncertainty relation prohibits simultaneous exact measurements of two non-commuting observables. The set is non-unique.

  4. Divergence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence

    Physical interpretation of divergence. In physical terms, the divergence of a vector field is the extent to which the vector field flux behaves like a source or a ...

  5. Probability interpretations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_interpretations

    The physical interpretation, for example, is taken by followers of "frequentist" statistical methods, such as Ronald Fisher [dubious – discuss], Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson. Statisticians of the opposing Bayesian school typically accept the frequency interpretation when it makes sense (although not as a definition), but there is less ...

  6. Fine-structure constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant

    This is Sommerfeld's original physical interpretation. Then the square of α is the ratio between the Hartree energy (27.2 eV = twice the Rydberg energy = approximately twice its ionization energy) and the electron rest energy (511 keV).

  7. Copenhagen interpretation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation

    The Copenhagen interpretation is a collection of views about the meaning of quantum mechanics, stemming from the work of Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and others. [1] While "Copenhagen" refers to the Danish city, the use as an "interpretation" was apparently coined by Heisenberg during the 1950s to refer to ideas developed in the ...

  8. Dirac equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_equation

    In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin-1/2 massive particles, called "Dirac particles", such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry.

  9. Probability amplitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_amplitude

    Interpretation of values of a wave function as the probability amplitude is a pillar of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. In fact, the properties of the space of wave functions were being used to make physical predictions (such as emissions from atoms being at certain discrete energies) before any physical interpretation of a ...