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An unreinforced masonry building (or UMB, URM building) is a type of building where load bearing walls, non-load bearing walls or other structures, such as chimneys, are made of brick, cinderblock, tiles, adobe or other masonry material that is not braced by reinforcing material, such as rebar in a concrete or cinderblock. [1]
The bond stones seen on the end of the right wall extend across the width of this tall, battered, dry-stone wall. A perpend stone, perpend (parpen, parpend, perpin, and other spellings), [1] through stone, bond stone, or tie stone is a stone that extends through an entire wall's width, from the outer to the inner wall.
In this case the co-ordinating metric works because the length of a single brick (215 mm) is equal to the total of the width of a brick (102.5 mm) plus a perpend (10 mm) plus the width of a second brick (102.5 mm). There are many other brick sizes worldwide, and many of them use this same co-ordinating principle.
The common materials of masonry construction are bricks and building stone, rocks such as marble, granite, and limestone, cast stone, concrete blocks, glass blocks, and adobe. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are ...
The Catalan vault (Catalan: volta catalana), also called thin-tile vault, [1] Catalan turn, Catalan arch, boveda ceiling (Spanish bóveda 'vault'), or timbrel vault, is a type of low brickwork arch forming a vaulted ceiling that often supports a floor above. It is constructed by laying a first layer of light bricks lengthwise "in space ...
Ashlar masonry was also heavily used in the construction of palace facades on Crete, including Knossos and Phaistos. These constructions date to the MM III-LM Ib period, c. 1700 –1450 BC. In modern European masonry the blocks are generally about 35 centimetres (14 in) in height.
Hadrian's Wall, Great Britain. When in 117 AD the Picts who inhabited Scotland defeated the famous XI Spanish legion, Emperor Hadrian decided to fence off his malevolent neighbours. This is how Hadrian's Wall (122-126) and then Antoninus' Wall (142-144) were first erected. [1]
Guastavino tile vaulting in the City Hall station of the New York City Subway Guastavino ceiling tiles on the south arcade of the Manhattan Municipal Building. The Guastavino tile arch system is a version of Catalan vault introduced to the United States in 1885 by Spanish architect and builder Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908). [1]