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Clock rate or clock speed in computing typically refers to the frequency at which the clock generator of a processor can generate pulses used to synchronize the operations of its components. [1] It is used as an indicator of the processor's speed. Clock rate is measured in the SI unit of frequency hertz (Hz).
The factual accuracy of this chart is disputed. The clock speeds past 2001 seem to be projections made decades ago, based on the sources given at the link; [1] seems to indicate that, as of 2020, no hardware has exceeded the clock speed this chart claims was achieved in 2010
Clock rate Socket Fabri-cation TDP Cores (number) Bus speed Cache L1 Cache L2 Cache L3 Overclock capable 4004: N/A N/A 1971 - Nov 15 [clarification needed] N/A 740 kHz DIP 10-micron 2 N/A N/A N/A 8008: N/A N/A 1972 - April good [clarification needed] N/A 200 kHz - 800 kHz DIP 10-micron 1 200 kHz N/A N/A N/A 8080: N/A N/A 1974 - April ...
Before standard benchmarks were available, average speed rating of computers was based on calculations for a mix of instructions with the results given in kilo instructions per second (kIPS). The most famous was the Gibson Mix, [2] produced by Jack Clark Gibson of IBM for scientific applications in 1959. Other ratings, such as the ADP mix which ...
Processors began to have a front-side bus (FSB) clock speed used in communication with RAM and other components. Typically, the processor itself ran at a clock speed that was a multiple of the FSB clock speed. Intel's Pentium III, for example, had an internal clock speed of 450–600 MHz and an FSB speed of 100–133 MHz.
CPU time (or process time) is the amount of time that a central processing unit (CPU) was used for processing instructions of a computer program or operating system. CPU time is measured in clock ticks or seconds. Sometimes it is useful to convert CPU time into a percentage of the CPU capacity, giving the CPU usage.
The final result comes from dividing the number of instructions by the number of CPU clock cycles. The number of instructions per second and floating point operations per second for a processor can be derived by multiplying the number of instructions per cycle with the clock rate (cycles per second given in Hertz) of the processor in question ...
As of 2018, many Intel microprocessors are able to exceed a base clock speed of 4 GHz (Intel Core i7-7700K and i3-7350K have a base clock speed of 4.20 GHz, for example). In 2011, AMD was first able to break the 4 GHz barrier for x86 microprocessors with the debut of the initial Bulldozer based AMD FX CPUs. In June 2013, AMD released the FX ...