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Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
Common aggregate functions include: Average (i.e., arithmetic mean) Count; Maximum; Median; Minimum; Mode; Range; Sum; Others include: Nanmean (mean ignoring NaN values, also known as "nil" or "null") Stddev; Formally, an aggregate function takes as input a set, a multiset (bag), or a list from some input domain I and outputs an element of an ...
Column labels are used to apply a filter to one or more columns that have to be shown in the pivot table. For instance if the "Salesperson" field is dragged to this area, then the table constructed will have values from the column "Sales Person", i.e., one will have a number of columns equal to the number of "Salesperson". There will also be ...
The input can be SAM, BAM, FASTA, BED files or Chromosome size file (two-column, plain text file). Visualization can be performed by genome browsers like UCSC, IGB and IGV. However, R scripts can also be used for visualization. SAMStat [15] identifies problems and reports several statistics at different phases of the process. This tool ...
R is a programming language for statistical computing and data visualization. It has been adopted in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics and data analysis. [9] The core R language is augmented by a large number of extension packages, containing reusable code, documentation, and sample data. R software is open-source and free software.
Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager. The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel. Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y.
The problem was that price affected both supply and demand so that a function describing only one of the two could not be constructed directly from the observational data. Wright correctly concluded that he needed a variable that correlated with either demand or supply but not both – that is, an instrumental variable.