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The distinction between restrictive, or integrated, relative clauses and non-restrictive, or supplementary, relative clauses in English is made both in speaking (through prosody), and in writing (through punctuation): a non-restrictive relative clause is surrounded by pauses in speech and usually by commas in writing, whereas a restrictive ...
Because the sentence has a restrictive clause, there can be no commas. The relative pronouns "which" or "that" could appear between the second and third words of the sentence, as in Buffalo buffalo that Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo ; when this pronoun is omitted, the relative clause becomes a reduced relative clause .
A sentence unmarked for restrictiveness, like "The red car is fancier than the blue one," can—if necessary—be rephrased to make it explicitly restrictive or non-restrictive: Restrictive: The car that's red is fancier than the one that's blue. Non-restrictive: The car, which is red, is fancier than the other, which is blue.
This contains a non-restrictive relative clause since this provides supplementary information about the mayor but is not essential to the sentence. If this clause were omitted, it would still be known who is meant (the mayor), and the remaining part would still make sense. In speaking, it is natural to make slight pauses around non-restrictive ...
A complex sentence has one or more dependent clauses (also called subordinate clauses). Since a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentence, complex sentences must also have at least one independent clause. In short, a sentence with one or more dependent clauses and at least one independent clause is a complex sentence.
Sentence A2 would have been correct English about 200 years ago, but today it is simply wrong. That, used in this way, can only introduce a restrictive clause, and a restrictive clause must not be set off by commas. Note that this is different from German, for example, where commas are required around restrictive as well as non-restrictive clauses.
Both wh-relativizers and the that-relativizer can be used to introduce restrictive relative clauses. Nonrestrictive relative clauses add extraneous information that is not vital for the listener or reader's understanding of which aforementioned noun is being referenced; or in other words, which noun is the nominal antecedent.
A clause typically contains a subject (a noun phrase) and a predicate (a verb phrase in the terminology used above; that is, a verb together with its objects and complements). A dependent clause also normally contains a subordinating conjunction (or in the case of relative clauses, a relative pronoun, or phrase containing one).