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The first epitope-based vaccine was developed in 1985 by Jacob et al. [28] Epitope-based vaccines stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses using isolated B-cell or T-cell epitopes. [28] [22] [17] These vaccines can use multiple epitopes to increase their efficacy. [28] To find epitopes to use for the vaccine, in silico mapping is often ...
Recognition of epitopes in a linear fashion. Note: the same (colored) segment of protein can be a part of more than one epitopes. In immunology, a linear epitope (also sequential epitope) is an epitope—a binding site on an antigen—that is recognized by antibodies by its linear sequence of amino acids (i.e. primary structure).
In immunology, epitope mapping is the process of experimentally identifying the binding site, or epitope, of an antibody on its target antigen (usually, on a protein). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Identification and characterization of antibody binding sites aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics , vaccines , and diagnostics .
A neoepitope is an epitope the immune system has not encountered before. Therefore it is not subject to tolerance mechanisms of the immune system. [4] As the mutant gene product is only expressed in tumors and is not found in non-cancerous cells, neoepitopes may evoke a vigorous T cell response. [5]
In immunology, a conformational epitope is a sequence of sub-units (usually amino acids) composing an antigen that come in direct contact with a receptor of the immune system. An antigen is any substance that the immune system can recognize as foreign.
The whole peptide vaccine is to mimic the epitope of an antigen, so epitope design is the most important stage of vaccine development and requires an accurate understanding of the amino acid sequence of the immunogenic protein interested. The designed epitope is expected to generate strong and long-period immuno-response against the pathogen.
A cryptotope is an antigenic site or epitope hidden in a protein or virion by surface subunits. Cryptotopes are antigenically active only after the dissociation of protein aggregates and virions. [1]
The molecular region which binds to the epitope is the paratope. On surfaces of helper T cells are CD4 receptors, as well as TCRs. When a naive helper T cell's CD4 molecule docks to an APC's MHC class II molecule, its TCR can meet and bind the epitope coupled within the MHC class II. This event primes the naive T cell.