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  2. Ruby - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby

    Ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, alongside amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. [3]

  3. Verneuil method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneuil_method

    By 1877, chemist Edmond Frémy had devised an effective method for commercial ruby manufacture by using molten baths of alumina, yielding the first gemstone-quality synthetic stones. The Parisian chemist Auguste Verneuil collaborated with Frémy on developing the method, but soon went on to independently develop the flame fusion process, which ...

  4. Tairus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairus

    The following are synthetic gemstones that were developed by Tairus scientists; they are alternately referred to as Tairus stones (e.g. "Tairus Ruby"). Floating zone ruby, synthesized in 1991 (no longer in production) Hydrothermal ruby, synthesized in 1992 by Alexander Dokukin. Hydrothermal aquamarine, synthesized in 1993.

  5. Corundum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum

    The Verneuil process allows the production of flawless single-crystal sapphire and ruby gems of much larger size than normally found in nature. It is also possible to grow gem-quality synthetic corundum by flux-growth and hydrothermal synthesis. Because of the simplicity of the methods involved in corundum synthesis, large quantities of these ...

  6. List of gemstones by species - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species

    This is a list of gemstones, organized by species and types. Minerals ... Ruby (var.) Sapphire (var.) ... Synthetic opal;

  7. Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Victor_Louis_Verneuil

    Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil (French:; 3 November 1856 – 27 April 1913) was a French chemist who invented the first commercially viable process for the manufacture of synthetic gemstones. [1] In 1902 he discovered the "flame fusion" process, called the Verneuil process , which is an inexpensive method of making artificial corundum , or ...

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