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Mandibular fracture, also known as fracture of the jaw, is a break through the mandibular bone.In about 60% of cases the break occurs in two places. [1] It may result in a decreased ability to fully open the mouth. [1]
A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the eight bones that form the cranial portion of the skull, usually occurring as a result of blunt force trauma.If the force of the impact is excessive, the bone may fracture at or near the site of the impact and cause damage to the underlying structures within the skull such as the membranes, blood vessels, and brain.
Sometimes (e.g. in bony fish), the maxilla is called "upper maxilla", with the mandible being the "lower maxilla". Conversely, in birds the upper jaw is often called "upper mandible". In most vertebrates, the foremost part of the upper jaw, to which the incisors are attached in mammals consists of a separate pair of bones, the premaxillae ...
The facial skeleton comprises the facial bones that may attach to build a portion of the skull. [1] The remainder of the skull is the neurocranium.. In human anatomy and development, the facial skeleton is sometimes called the membranous viscerocranium, which comprises the mandible and dermatocranial elements that are not part of the braincase.
The head rests on the top part of the vertebral column, with the skull joining at C1 (the first cervical vertebra known as the atlas). The skeletal section of the head and neck forms the top part of the axial skeleton and is made up of the skull, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, and cervical spine. The skull can be further subdivided into:
Misalignment of teeth creates difficulties in head and neck functions related to chewing, [6] [7] [8] swallowing, breathing, speech articulation [6] [7] [8] and lip closure/posture. [ 13 ] Affected individuals may also experience TMJ pain and dysfunction, [ 7 ] [ 14 ] which negatively affect the quality of life.
The alveolar bone is the bone of the jaw which forms the alveolus around teeth. [37] Like any other bone in the human body, alveolar bone is modified throughout life. Osteoblasts create bone and osteoclasts destroy it, especially if force is placed on a tooth. [ 32 ]
The alveolar bone proper, also called bundle bone, directly surrounds the teeth. [6] The terms alveolar border, alveolar crest, and alveolar margin describe the extreme rim of the bone nearest to the crowns of the teeth. [7] [8] [9] The portion of alveolar bone between two adjacent teeth is known as the interdental septum (or interdental bone ...