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Beta blockers are known primarily for their reductive effect on heart rate, although this is not the only mechanism of action of importance in congestive heart failure. [17] Beta blockers, in addition to their sympatholytic β 1 activity in the heart, influence the renin–angiotensin system at the kidneys.
The effect of taking beta blockers can help lower the heart rate as well as help improve the blood flow by opening up the blood vessels widely. Doctors may prescribe beta blockers as one of the medications that help reduce blood pressure , including diuretics and calcium channel blockers. [citation needed]
Beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity: acebutolol, pindolol; Some common side effects include increased airway resistance for non-selective beta-blockers, exacerbation of peripheral vascular diseases, and hypotension [15] Beta-blockers are contraindicated in patients with second- or third-degree atrioventricular block.
Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
Metoprolol, sold under the brand name Lopressor among others, is a medication used to treat angina, high blood pressure and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. [4] It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines . [ 4 ]
Atenolol is a beta blocker medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure and heart-associated chest pain. [7] Although used to treat high blood pressure, it does not seem to improve mortality in those with the condition. [8] [9] Other uses include the prevention of migraines and treatment of certain irregular heart beats.
Additional hypotensive effects may occur when patients are taking beta-1 blockers with other antihypertensive drugs such as nitrates, PDE inhibitors, ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers. [17] The combination of beta blockers and antihypertensive drugs will work on different mechanism to lower blood pressure. [17]
Since beta blockers are known to relax the cardiac muscle and constrict the smooth muscle, beta-adrenergic antagonists, including propranolol, have an additive effect with other drugs that decrease blood pressure or decrease cardiac contractility or conductivity. Clinically significant interactions particularly occur with: [35] Verapamil