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A 4-bit synchronous counter using JK flip-flops. In a synchronous counter, the clock inputs of the flip-flops are connected, and the common clock simultaneously triggers all flip-flops. Consequently, all of the flip-flops change state at the same time (in parallel). For example, the circuit shown to the right is an ascending (up-counting) four ...
For dense polynomials, such as the CRC-32 polynomial, computing the remainder a byte at a time produces equations where each bit depends on up to 8 bits of the previous iteration. In byte-parallel hardware implementations this calls for either 8-input or cascaded XOR gates which have substantial gate delay.
A straight ring counter, also known as a one-hot counter, connects the output of the last shift register to the first shift register input and circulates a single one (or zero) bit around the ring. A twisted ring counter, also called switch-tail ring counter, walking ring counter, Johnson counter, or Möbius counter, connects the complement of ...
synchronous presettable 4-bit up/down decade counter 16 DM74LS168: 74x169 1 synchronous presettable 4-bit up/down binary counter 16 SN74LS169B: 74x170 1 16-bit register file (4x4) open-collector 16 SN74170: 74x171 4 quad D flip-flops, clear 16 SN74LS171: 74x172 1 16-bit multiple port register file (8x2) three-state: 24 SN74172: 74x173 4
A Fibonacci 31 bit linear feedback shift register with taps at positions 28 and 31 (indicated by the yellow LEDs), giving it a maximum cycle and period at this speed of approximately 8 years. The bit positions that affect the next state are called the taps. In the diagram the taps are [16,14,13,11].
For low jitter the synchronous counter has to feed a zero flag from the most significant bit down to the least significant bit and then combine it with the output from the Johnson counter. A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) could be used to achieve sub-cycle resolution, but it is easier to either use vernier Johnson counters or traveling-wave ...
Ie use a 24-bit phase accumulator to look up into two 16-bit LUTS. Address into the truncated 16 MSBs, and that plus 1. Linearly interpolate using the 8 LSBs as weights. (One could instead use 3 LUTs instead and quadratically interpolate). This can result in decreased distortion for the same amount of memory at the cost of some multipliers.
A prescaler is an electronic counting circuit used to reduce a high frequency electrical signal to a lower frequency by integer division.The prescaler takes the basic timer clock frequency (which may be the CPU clock frequency or may be some higher or lower frequency) and divides it by some value before feeding it to the timer, according to how the prescaler register(s) are configured.