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In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance from the origin: it commutes with scaling, obeys a form of the triangle inequality, and is zero only at the origin.
In number theory norm forms are studied as Diophantine equations, where they generalize, for example, the Pell equation. [2] For this application the field K is usually the rational number field, the field L is an algebraic number field , and the basis is taken of some order in the ring of integers O L of L .
The standard absolute value on the integers. The standard absolute value on the complex numbers.; The p-adic absolute value on the rational numbers.; If R is the field of rational functions over a field F and () is a fixed irreducible polynomial over F, then the following defines an absolute value on R: for () in R define | | to be , where () = () and ((), ()) = = ((), ()).
The norm induced by this inner product is the Hilbert–Schmidt norm under which the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators is complete (thus making it into a Hilbert space). [4] The space of all bounded linear operators of finite rank (i.e. that have a finite-dimensional range) is a dense subset of the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators (with ...
In mathematics, the operator norm measures the "size" of certain linear operators by assigning each a real number called its operator norm. Formally, it is a norm defined on the space of bounded linear operators between two given normed vector spaces .
The Hilbert symbol can also be used to denote the central simple algebra over K with basis 1,i,j,k and multiplication rules =, =, = =.In this case the algebra represents an element of order 2 in the Brauer group of K, which is identified with -1 if it is a division algebra and +1 if it is isomorphic to the algebra of 2 by 2 matrices.
In linear algebra, the Hermite normal form is an analogue of reduced echelon form for matrices over the integers Z.Just as reduced echelon form can be used to solve problems about the solution to the linear system Ax=b where x is in R n, the Hermite normal form can solve problems about the solution to the linear system Ax=b where this time x is restricted to have integer coordinates only.
However a norm-coercive mapping f : R n → R n is not necessarily a coercive vector field. For instance the rotation f : R 2 → R 2 , f ( x ) = (− x 2 , x 1 ) by 90° is a norm-coercive mapping which fails to be a coercive vector field since f ( x ) ⋅ x = 0 {\displaystyle f(x)\cdot x=0} for every x ∈ R 2 {\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R ...
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