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Thanks to the number of different nuclei located within the pontine tegmentum, it is a region associated with a range of functions including sensory and motor functions (due to the cranial nuclei and fiber tracts), control of stages of sleep and levels of arousal and vigilance (due to the ascending cholinergic systems), and some aspects of respiratory control.
It is the part of the brainstem situated between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. [3] [4] The horizontal medullopontine sulcus demarcates the boundary between the pons and medulla oblongata on the ventral aspect of the brainstem, and the roots of cranial nerves VI/VII/VIII emerge from the brainstem along this groove. [5]
The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem. The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group.
The ventral respiratory group and the dorsal respiratory group are neurons involved in this regulation. The pre-Bötzinger complex is a cluster of interneurons involved in the respiratory function of the medulla. Cardiovascular center – sympathetic, parasympathetic nervous system; Vasomotor center – baroreceptors
The brainstem is very small, making up around only 2.6 percent of the brain's total weight. [3] It has the critical roles of regulating heart and respiratory function, helping to control heart rate and breathing rate. [4] It also provides the main motor and sensory nerve supply to the face and neck via the cranial nerves.
There are four respiratory groups, two in the medulla and two in the pons. [2] The two groups in the pons are known as the pontine respiratory group. Dorsal respiratory group – in the medulla; Ventral respiratory group – in the medulla; Pneumotaxic center – various nuclei of the pons; Apneustic center – nucleus of the pons
The tegmentum (from Latin for "covering") is a general area within the brainstem. The tegmentum is the ventral part of the midbrain and the tectum is the dorsal part of the midbrain. [1] It is located between the ventricular system and distinctive basal or ventral structures at each level.
The neuronal networks involved in respiratory function are located in the ventral respiratory column (VRC). From rostral to caudal , these networks include the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group complex (RTN/pFRG) [ 70 ] [ 71 ] the Bötzinger complex, [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), as well as the ...