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Graphite ‡ LiPF 6 / LiBF 4 / LiClO 4: Lithium cobalt oxide: Yes 1991 [49] 2.5 [50] 3.7 [51] 4.2 [50] 0.70 (195) [51] 2.0 (560) [51] 2.21 (453) [1] Lithium iron phosphate: LiFePO 4 IFR LFP Li‑phosphate [48] Lithium iron phosphate: Yes 1996 [52] 2 [50] 3.2 [51] 3.65 [50] 0.32–0.58 (90–160) [51] [53] [54] 1.20 (333) [51] [53] 200 [55 ...
Graphite forms intercalation compounds with some metals and small molecules. In these compounds, the host molecule or atom gets "sandwiched" between the graphite layers, resulting in a type of compound with variable stoichiometry. A prominent example of an intercalation compound is potassium graphite, denoted by the formula KC 8.
The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO 4 battery ) or LFP battery ( lithium ferrophosphate ) is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate ( LiFePO 4 ) as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode .
The most notable difference between lithium iron phosphate and lead acid is the fact that the lithium battery capacity shows only a small dependence on the discharge rate. With very high discharge rates, for instance 0.8C, the capacity of the lead acid battery is only 60% of the rated capacity.
At pH 1 or lower, the phosphoric acid is practically undissociated. Around pH 4.7 (mid-way between the first two pK a values) the dihydrogen phosphate ion, [H 2 PO 4] −, is practically the only species present. Around pH 9.8 (mid-way between the second and third pK a values) the monohydrogen phosphate ion, [HPO 4] 2−, is the only species ...
The term phosphate is also used in organic chemistry for the functional groups that result when one or more of the hydrogens are replaced by bonds to other groups. These acids, together with their salts and esters , include some of the best-known compounds of phosphorus, of high importance in biochemistry , mineralogy , agriculture , pharmacy ...
A crystalline silicon anode has a theoretical specific capacity of 3600 mAh/g, approximately ten times that of commonly used graphite anodes (limited to 372 mAh/g). [3] Each silicon atom can bind up to 3.75 lithium atoms in its fully lithiated state (Li 3.75 Si), compared to one lithium atom per 6 carbon atoms for the fully lithiated graphite ...
The adsorption of water reduces the bonding energy between the hexagonal planes of the graphite to a lower level than the adhesion energy between a substrate and the graphite. Because water vapor is a requirement for lubrication, graphite is not effective in vacuum. [4] Because it is electrically conductive, graphite can promote galvanic ...