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The hallmark for sterling silver varies from nation to nation, often using distinctive historical symbols, although Dutch and UK Assay offices no longer strike their traditional hallmarks exclusively in their own territories and undertake assay in other countries using marks that are the same as those used domestically.
One such symbol combined the mystical "Sign of Four" with the merchant's name or initials. The "Sign of Four" [ 8 ] was an outgrowth of an ancient symbol adopted by the Romans and by Christianity, Chi Rho (XP), standing for the first two letters of Christus in Greek letters; this was simplified to a reversed "4" in Medieval times.
The assay office marks – from left to right, the leopard's head of London, the anchor of Birmingham, the Yorkshire rose of Sheffield, and the castle of Edinburgh. The assay office marks are no longer an indicator that an item was assayed in the city, or in the UK. Offshore hallmark used by Birmingham Assay Office's subsidiary in India.
A mark is a written or imprinted symbol used to indicate some trait of an item, for example, its ownership or maker. [1] [2] Mark usually consists of letters, numbers, words, and drawings. [3] Inscribing marks on the manufactured items was likely a precursor of communicative writing. [4] Historically, the marks were used for few purposes: [5]
Typographical symbols and punctuation marks are marks and symbols used in typography with a variety of purposes such as to help with legibility and accessibility, or to identify special cases. This list gives those most commonly encountered with Latin script. For a far more comprehensive list of symbols and signs, see List of Unicode characters.
One of the most well-known old printer's marks is the dolphin and anchor, first used by the Venetian printer Aldus Manutius as his mark in 1502. [ 2 ] The database Printers' Devices of the Ancient Book Section of the Library of the University of Barcelona , was launched in October 1998. [ 3 ]
mǎ horse 虎 hǔ tiger 豕 shǐ swine 犬 quǎn dog 象 xiàng elephant 龜 guī turtle 為 wèi to lead 疾 jí illness 馬 虎 豕 犬 象 龜 為 疾 mǎ hǔ shǐ quǎn xiàng guī wèi jí horse tiger swine dog elephant turtle {to lead} illness Of the 12,000 inscribed bronzes extant today, roughly 3,000 date from the Shang dynasty, 6,000 from the Zhou dynasty, and the final 3,000 from the ...
On the death of a seal-holder, as a sign of continuity, a son and heir might commission a new seal employing the same symbols and design-elements as those used by his father. It is likely that this practice was a factor in the emergence of hereditary heraldry in western Europe in the 12th century. [26] [27]
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