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Some Africans on the Middle Passage journey to slavery in the United States tried to take their own lives by starving themselves, and were force fed with a contraption called the speculum orum. This device forced the slave's mouth open in order to be fed. [48]
Olaudah Equiano writes about the iron bit in his slave narrative, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, as "the iron muzzle". He writes that soon after arriving in North America he was taken to Virginia where he saw a black female slave “cooking the dinner, and the poor creature was cruelly loaded with various kinds of ...
“The Regulation of Sexuality in the Late Middle Ages: England and France,” Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies 86 (2011) 1010–1039. [Tiffany Vann Sprecher and Ruth Mazo Karras,] “The Midwife and the Church: Ecclesiastical Regulation of Midwives in Brie, 1499-1504,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 85 (2011), 171–192.
Stampp held that the national debate over the morality of slavery, rather than states' rights, was the focal point of the U.S. Civil War. Stampp wrote, "Prior to the Civil War southern slavery was America's most profound and vexatious social problem. More than any other problem, slavery nagged at the public conscience; offering no easy solution
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In his ground-breaking [2] [3] [4] comparative study Slavery and Social Death (1982), Jamaican scholar Orlando Patterson wrote: The servus vicarius (slave of a slave) was a universal occurrence. I know of no slave society in which slaves who could afford them were denied the purchase of other slaves. [5]
Two cylindrical-shaped glass specula Position of the opened speculum during vaginal examination. Specula have been made of glass or metal. They were generally made of stainless steel and sterilized between uses, but particularly in the 21st century, many — especially those used in emergency departments and doctor's offices — are made of plastic, and are disposable, single-use items.
The speculum — the medical device used during pelvic exams — hasn't changed much in 170 years. (Getty Images; illustration: Nathalie Cruz) (Image is Getty; Illustration by Nathalie Cruz)