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A test score is a piece of information, usually a number, that conveys the performance of an examinee on a test.One formal definition is that it is "a summary of the evidence contained in an examinee's responses to the items of a test that are related to the construct or constructs being measured."
Each row of points is a sample from the same normal distribution. The colored lines are 50% confidence intervals for the mean, μ.At the center of each interval is the sample mean, marked with a diamond.
Pearson's correlation coefficient is the covariance of the two variables divided by the product of their standard deviations. The form of the definition involves a "product moment", that is, the mean (the first moment about the origin) of the product of the mean-adjusted random variables; hence the modifier product-moment in the name.
The q-value can be interpreted as the false discovery rate (FDR): the proportion of false positives among all positive results. Given a set of test statistics and their associated q-values, rejecting the null hypothesis for all tests whose q-value is less than or equal to some threshold ensures that the expected value of the false discovery rate is .
Lines run across the graph at the mean, as well as one, two and three standard deviations to either side of the mean. This makes it easy to see how far off the result was. Rules such as the Westgard rules can be applied to see whether the results from the samples when the control was done can be released, or if they need to be rerun. The ...
Pearl, Judea, "Understanding Simpson's Paradox" (PDF) Simpson's Paradox, a short article by Alexander Bogomolny on the vector interpretation of Simpson's paradox; The Wall Street Journal column "The Numbers Guy" for December 2, 2009 dealt with recent instances of Simpson's paradox in the news. Notably a Simpson's paradox in the comparison of ...
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Significance testing is used as a substitute for the traditional comparison of predicted value and experimental result at the core of the scientific method. When theory is only capable of predicting the sign of a relationship, a directional (one-sided) hypothesis test can be configured so that only a statistically significant result supports ...