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Formal training and recognition of African-American women began in 1858 when Sarah Mapps Douglass was the first black woman to graduate from a medical course of study at an American university. [1] Later, in 1864 Rebecca Crumpler became the first African-American woman to earn a medical degree. The first nursing graduate was Mary Mahoney in 1879.
Medical-surgical nursing is a nursing specialty area concerned with the care of adult patients in a broad range of settings. Traditionally, medical-surgical nursing was an entry-level position that most nurses viewed as a stepping stone to specialty areas. Medical-surgical nursing is the largest group of professionals in the field of nursing.
Clifford was born as Joyce Catherine Hoyt in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1935.She was one of four daughters of Raymond Hoyt, an ironworker, and his wife, Helen. Hoyt obtained her Ph.D. in health planning from Brandeis University and following it, got her nursing diploma from Hospital of Saint Raphael.
Hazel Winifred Johnson-Brown (October 10, 1927 – August 5, 2011) [1] [2] was a nurse and educator who served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1983. In 1979, she became the first Black female general in the United States Army and the first Black chief of the United States Army Nurse Corps. [3]
Mary Eliza Mahoney (May 7, 1845 – January 4, 1926) was the first African-American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States.In 1879, Mahoney was the first African American to graduate from an American school of nursing.
The Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses (AMSN) is a professional association for medical-surgical nurses in the United States. Its stated mission is "to promote excellence in medical-surgical nursing". [1] AMSN was founded in 1991 and has chapters in all 50 states. [2]
Medical-surgical nursing certification (and recertification) is offered by the Medical-Surgical Nursing Certification Board, an organization based in the United States that exists to establish credentialing mechanisms for validating proficiency in medical-surgical nursing. The Medical-Surgical Nursing Certification Board was founded by and is a ...
Thomas M. Morgan, "The education and medical practice of Dr. James McCune Smith (1813-1865), first black American to hold a medical degree", Journal of the National Medical Association. 2003 Jul; 95(7):603-14, full text. Kevin O'Reilly, "New recognition for first black U.S. doctor with medical degree", American Medical News, November 8, 2010.