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Two-inch port tube installed in the top of a Polk S10 speaker cabinet as part of a DIY audio project. This port is flared. Unlike closed-box loudspeakers, which are nearly airtight, a bass reflex system has an opening called a port or vent cut into the cabinet, generally consisting of a pipe or duct (typically circular or rectangular cross section).
A passive radiator speaker uses a second passive driver, or drone, to produce similar low-frequency extension, or efficiency increase, or enclosure size reduction, similar to ported enclosures. Small [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and Hurlburt [ 30 ] have published the results of research into the analysis and design of passive-radiator loudspeaker systems.
Its relatively low adoption in commercial speakers can mostly be attributed to the large resulting dimensions of the speaker produced and the expense of manufacturing a rigid tapering tube. The Voigt pipe was designed in 1934 by Paul G. A. H. Voigt and is also referred to as a tapered quarter-wave pipe (TQWP) or tapered quarter-wave tube (TQWT).
The concept was innovated within acoustic enclosure design, and originally termed an "acoustical labyrinth", by acoustic engineer and later Director of Research, Benjamin Olney, who developed the concept at the Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Co. in the early 1930s while studying the effect of enclosure shape and size on speaker output, including ...
The term loudspeaker may refer to individual transducers (also known as drivers) or to complete speaker systems consisting of an enclosure and one or more drivers.. To adequately and accurately reproduce a wide range of frequencies with even coverage, most loudspeaker systems employ more than one driver, particularly for higher sound pressure level (SPL) or maximum accuracy.
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The two most common types of speaker enclosure are acoustic suspension (sometimes called pneumatic suspension) and bass reflex.In both cases, the tuning affects the lower end of the driver's response, but above a certain frequency, the driver itself becomes the dominant factor and the size of the enclosure and ports (if any) become irrelevant.
Full-range drivers are seen in applications ranging from televisions and computer speakers, to hi-fi speaker systems. The performance of the driver is substantially affected by their enclosure, and enclosures vary from mundane beige plastic boxes, at the low end of the scale, to large horn loaded enclosures with spectacular audio performance.