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The following are the non-pulmonic consonants.They are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi, Hausa, Swahili and Vietnamese), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages).
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
In a similar fashion, the horizontal axis of the chart is determined by vowel backness. Vowels with the tongue moved towards the front of the mouth (such as [ɛ], the vowel in "met") are to the left in the chart, while those in which it is moved to the back (such as [ʌ], the vowel in "but") are placed to the right in the chart.
In the writing systems used for most languages in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German Jahr 'year', which is followed by IPA. Although it may be seen as counterintuitive for English-speakers, there are a few words with that orthographical spelling in certain loanwords in English like ...
The emphasis on the boundaries between words or in compound words is usually inserted between two vowels which do not form a diphthong, e.g. zneužívat [znɛʔuʒiːvat] ('to abuse'), táta a máma [taːta ʔa maːma] ('dad and mum'); it is also inserted before initial vowels of the second part of compound words, e.g. trojúhelník ...
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Japanese language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
The most common type of palatal consonant is the extremely common approximant [j], which ranks among the ten most common sounds in the world's languages. [1] The nasal [ɲ] is also common, occurring in around 35 percent of the world's languages, [2] in most of which its equivalent obstruent is not the stop [c], but the affricate [].
Subvocalization, or silent speech, is the internal speech typically made when reading; it provides the sound of the word as it is read. [1] [2] This is a natural process when reading, and it helps the mind to access meanings to comprehend and remember what is read, potentially reducing cognitive load.
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